11th Grade High School Chemistry Topics

11th Grade High School Chemistry Topics High school chemistry most commonly is offered during the 11th grade as Chemistry 11. This is a list of Chemistry 11 or 11th Grade High School Chemistry topics. A collection of high school chemistry notes may be found here. Atomic and Molecular Structure Structure of the atomElement atomic number and atomic mass Element location on the Periodic Table Groups of elements in the Periodic Table Trends in the Periodic Table: ionization energy, electronegativity, relative sizes of ions and atomsUsing the Periodic Table to determine the number of valence electrons available for bondingPosition of an element in the periodic table relating to its chemical reactivityThomsons discovery of the electronRutherfords nuclear atomMillikans oil drop experimentEinsteins explanation of the photoelectric effectQuantum theory of atomic structureBohr model of the atomSpectral linesPlancks relationship Chemical Bonds Ionic and covalent bondsChemical bonds between atoms in moleculesElectrostatic attraction in salt crystals Intermolecular forces in a solid and liquidLewis electron dot structures Shape of simple molecules and their polarity Electronegativity and ionization energy - bond formationSolids and liquids held together by Van der Waals forces Stoichiometry Writing balanced equationsDefinition of the mole Molar mass of a molecule from its chemical formula and a table of atomic masses (atomic weight)Converting the mass of a molecular substance to moles Number of particles or volume of gas at standard temperature and pressureMasses of reactants and products in a chemical reaction Percent yield in a chemical reactionOxidation and reduction reactionsBalancing oxidation-reduction reactions Acids and Bases Properties of acids, bases and salt solutionsAcids and bases Strong acids and strong bases Weak acids and basespH scalepH testsArrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis acid-base definitionsCalculating pH from the hydrogen ion concentrationpH in acid-base reactions Gases Random motion of molecules and their collisions with a surfaceRandom motion of molecules and diffusion of gasesApplying the gas laws to relations between the pressure, temperature, and volumeStandard temperature and pressure (STP)Convert between Celsius and Kelvin temperature scalesKinetic theory of gases Problems using the ideal gas law in the form PVnRTDaltons Law of Partial Pressures Grahams Law to describe diffusion of gases Chemical Solutions Definitions of solute and solvent Dissolving process as a result of random molecular motionTemperature, pressure, and surface area - their affect the dissolving process Concentration of a solute in terms of grams per liter, molarity, parts per million and percent compositionRelationship between the molality of solute in a solution, and the solutions freezing point depression or boiling point elevation ChromatographyDistillation Rates of Chemical Reactions Rate of reaction and factors that affect itRole a catalyst in reaction ratesDefinition and role of activation energy in a chemical reaction Chemical Equilibrium Le Chateliers PrincipleForward and reverse reaction rates and equilibriumEquilibrium constant expression for a reaction Thermodynamics and Physical Chemistry Temperature and heat flow related to the motion of particlesEndothermic and exothermic chemical processesEndergonic and exergonic chemical processesProblems involving heat flow and temperature changesHesss Law to calculate enthalpy change in a reactionGibbs free energy equation to determine whether a reaction would be spontaneous Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Formation of large molecules and polymersBonding characteristics of carbonAmino acids as building blocks of proteinsNaming simple hydrocarbonsFunctional groupsR-group structure of amino acidsPrimary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary protein structure Introduction to Nuclear Chemistry Protons and neutronsNuclear forcesElectromagnetic repulsion between the protonsNuclear fusionNuclear fissionRadioactive isotopesAlpha, beta, and gamma decayAlpha, beta, and gamma radiationCalculating half-life and amount of radioactive material remainingNuclear substructure

Reasons For the Bar Kochba Revolt

Reasons For the Bar Kochba Revolt Killing more than half a million Jews and destroying almost a thousand villages, the Bar Kochba Revolt (132-35) was a major event in Jewish history and a blotch on the reputation of the good emperor Hadrian. The revolt was named for a man called Shimon, on coins, Bar Kosibah, on papyrus, Bar Kozibah, on rabbinic literature, and Bar Kokhba, in Christian writing. Bar Kochba was the messianic leader of the rebel Jewish forces. The rebels may have held land south of Jerusalem and Jericho and north of Hebron and Masada. They may have reached into Samaria, Galilee, Syria, and Arabia. They survived (as long as they did) by means of caves, used for weapons storage and hiding, and tunnels. Letters from Bar Kochba were found in the caves of Wadi Murabbaat around the same time archaeologists and Bedouins were discovering the Dead Sea Scroll caves. [Source:​ The Dead Sea Scrolls: A Biography, by John J. Collins; Princeton: 2012.] The war was very bloody on both sides, so much so that Hadrian failed to declare a triumph when he returned to Rome at the revolts conclusion. Why Did the Jews Rebel? Why did the Jews rebel when it must have seemed likely the Romans would defeat them, as they had before? Suggested reasons are outrage over Hadrians prohibitions and actions. CircumcisionCircumcision was a vital part of the Jewish identity and it is possible Hadrian made it illegal for Jews to practice this custom, and not just with proselytes. In the Historia Augusta Pseudo-Spartianus says Hadrians prohibition against genital mutilation caused the revolt (Life of Harian 14.2). Genital mutilation could mean either castration or circumcision (or both). [Source: Peter Schafer The Bar Kochba Revolt and Circumcision: Historical Evidence and Modern Apologetics 1999]. This position is challenged. See: Negotiating Difference: Genital Mutilation in Roman Slave Law and the History of the Bar Kokhba Revolt, by Raanan Abusch, in The Bar Kokhba War Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Second Jewish Revolt against Rome, edited by Peter Schafer; 2003. SacrilegeThe second to third century Greek-writing Roman historian Cassius Dio (Roman History 69.12) said it was Hadrians decision to rename Jerusalem Aelia Capitolina, to establish a Roman colony there, and to build a pagan temple. A complication of this is the possible retraction of a promise by Hadrian to rebuild the Jewish Temple. References: Axelrod, Alan. Little-Known Wars of Great and Latin Impact. Fair Winds Press, 2009. The Archaeology of Roman Palestine, by Mark Alan Chancey and Adam Lowry Porter. Near Eastern Archaeology, Vol. 64, No. 4 (Dec. 2001), pp. 164-203. The bar Kokhba Revolt: The Roman Point of View, by Werner Eck. The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 89 (1999), pp. 76-89 The Dead Sea Scrolls: A Biography, by John J. Collins; Princeton: 2012. Peter Schafer The Bar Kochba Revolt and Circumcision: Historical Evidence and Modern Apologetics 1999